1. What is ACR (Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio)?

The ACR (Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio) is a test that measures the amount of albumin (a protein) in your urine compared to the amount of creatinine. It's used to detect early signs of kidney damage, particularly in people with diabetes or hypertension.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the ACR equation:

Where:

• Urine Albumin — Measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
• Urine Creatinine — Measured in grams per deciliter (g/dL)

Explanation: The ratio normalizes albumin excretion to creatinine excretion, accounting for variations in urine concentration.

3. Importance of ACR Calculation

Details: ACR is a sensitive marker for early kidney damage. Elevated ACR levels may indicate diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, or other forms of kidney disease before significant changes in GFR occur.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter urine albumin in mg/dL and urine creatinine in g/dL. Both values must be greater than zero. First morning urine specimens are preferred for ACR measurement.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are normal ACR values?
A: Normal ACR is <30 mg/g. Microalbuminuria: 30-300 mg/g. Macroalbuminuria: >300 mg/g.

Q2: How often should ACR be tested?
A: Annual testing is recommended for people with diabetes or hypertension. More frequent testing may be needed if results are abnormal.

Q3: Can exercise affect ACR results?
A: Yes, vigorous exercise can temporarily increase albumin excretion. Avoid testing within 24 hours of intense physical activity.

Q4: What factors can cause false positives?
A: Fever, urinary tract infection, heart failure, and marked hyperglycemia can temporarily increase ACR.

Q5: How is ACR used in clinical practice?
A: ACR is used for early detection of kidney disease, monitoring disease progression, and assessing response to treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs.