1. What is ACR (Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio)?

The ACR (Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio) is a medical test used to detect small amounts of albumin in urine, which is an early sign of kidney damage. It's measured in mg/mmol units according to UK standards.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the ACR formula:

Where:

• \( Albumin \) — Albumin concentration in mg/mmol
• \( Creatinine \) — Creatinine concentration in mmol/L

Explanation: The ratio normalizes albumin excretion to creatinine excretion, accounting for variations in urine concentration.

3. Importance of ACR Calculation

Details: ACR is crucial for early detection of diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive kidney disease, and other conditions affecting kidney function. It helps monitor kidney health and guide treatment decisions.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter albumin concentration in mg/mmol and creatinine concentration in mmol/L. Both values must be valid (greater than 0).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are normal ACR values?
A: Normal ACR is less than 3 mg/mmol. Values between 3-30 mg/mmol indicate microalbuminuria, and above 30 mg/mmol indicate macroalbuminuria.

Q2: Why use ACR instead of simple albumin measurement?
A: ACR accounts for variations in urine concentration, providing a more consistent measurement than albumin alone.

Q3: When should ACR be measured?
A: First morning urine sample is preferred. Avoid testing during urinary tract infections, after vigorous exercise, or during menstruation.

Q4: How often should ACR be checked?
A: Annual screening is recommended for diabetics and hypertensive patients. More frequent monitoring may be needed for those with established kidney disease.

Q5: Are there limitations to ACR testing?
A: ACR can be affected by factors such as fever, exercise, and certain medications. Confirmatory testing is often recommended for abnormal results.